Pilotage = visual checkpoints; DR = heading/airspeed/wind/time. Cross-check both against GPS.

Turn promptly toward the alternate, then refine heading/time/fuel.

Climb, Communicate, Confess, Comply, Conserve.

Flight following / radar advisories — extra eyes and help if disoriented.

Cross-check chart/clock against the box; don’t fly head-down or trust it blindly.