Pilotage & dead reckoning (L24)

• Pilotage: visual checkpoints on the sectional, spaced for a position check every few minutes; chart-to-ground-to-chart.
• Dead reckoning: time/airspeed/distance/heading + wind → heading, groundspeed, ETAs. Fly DR, confirm with pilotage.

Nav systems & radar services (L25)

• GPS = position/track (needs current DB); VOR = ground-based backup. Know failure modes; cross-check.
• VFR flight following = traffic advisories, workload-permitting — see-and-avoid still applies. ADS-B Out broadcasts position.

Diversion & lost procedures (L26)

• Divert: turn to the alternate first, then refine heading/time/fuel.
• Lost: Climb, Communicate, Confess, Comply, Conserve. Ask for help before fuel/daylight is critical.
• Beware get-there-itis and GPS over-reliance.